Ngombámg

Ngombámg
/F N N\/ <m ng n> /qp t` (c) k/ <p t (ky) k> /db d' (J\) g/ <b d (gy) g> /f T S x/ <f th s kh> /v D Z G/ <v dh z gh> /r r\ l j K/ <r rr l y h> /w ts dz tS dZ/ <w c j ch jh> /gb kp Nm/ <bg pk mg> /i 1 u/ <é i u> /e 2 O/ <e ó o> /a/ <a> /aI/ <á> nasalized /a e/ <ą ę> /c J\/ have fallen out of use in the language, except for some archaic uses, and in certain pronouns. They are now respectively /k g/. <ą ę> appear when <a e> are followed by a nasal if the VC combination is word final or followed by another consonant. (i.e. anp => ąp but ana remains). All verb and noun classification will shown by markers (comparable to articles, though there is a complement for verbs) placed before the word, with no change at all to the word itself (these may collapse into prefixes, I'm not sure yet). Verb: Tense: Present: mg Past: bg Future: pk Aspect: Perfective: n Progressive: m Inceptive: ng Mood Indicative: sh / zh Imperative: th / dh Conditional: f/v Veracity: Observed: é Informed: a Posited: o Imagined: u Person: 1. i 2. ó 3. e in. á Number: Single: b / p Dual: d / t Paucal: k / g Plural: k / g Voice: Active: Unvoiced Passive: Voiced Markers are constructed in the order mood - aspect - veracity - tense - number - person, so a verb which was indicative perfective observed present 1st person singular active would bear the marker <snémgip>. Noun: Gender / Number: Animate Singular: r Dual: rr Paucal: l Plural: j Inanimate S: v D: dh PA: z PL: gh Nature S: f D: th PA: s PL: kh Concept S: b D: d PA: g PL: g Object S: p D: t PA: k PL: k Case: Nominative: é Accusative: u Ergative: i Dative: e Genitive: o Possessive: ó Locative: a Instrumental: á Evidentiality Indefinite: m Definite: n This: ng That: ch Yon: jh Noun markers are constructed in the order gender/number - case - evidentiality, so an animate dual dative definite noun would be rrę. Adjectives will always follow their respective nouns, and adverbs their respective verbs. Pronouns: Pronouns need only add the case marker, so they do not receive articles but are single consonants which take the case marker after them, or double consonants which take the case marker between them. However, there are two consonants for each pronoun - the first used when the pronoun stands alone, the second when it is acting as a concord, tacked onto the front of a verb marker. The concords are necessary only in ellipsis of the actual noun. Pronouns have retained the archaic trial number. 1s: -/m 1d: r/ng 1t: h/n 1pa: l/m-ng 1pl: j/n-ng 2s: f/v 2d: th/dh 2t: s/z 2pa: f-x/v-g 2pl: x/g 3s: p/b 3d: t/d 3t: ky/gy 3pa: p-t/b-d 3pl: k/g indeterminate: w-ts/w-dz That's all I have thus far...I'll try to make some expansions soon. Let me know what you think.

Re: Ngombámg
---CUT--- All verb and noun classification will shown by markers (comparable to articles, though there is a complement for verbs) placed before the word, with no change at all to the word itself (these may collapse into prefixes, I'm not sure yet). Verb: ---CUT--- Veracity: Observed: é Informed: a Posited: o Imagined: uVery interesting! IMO original; and calling it "veracity" is also original AFAIK. Person: ---CUT--- in. áI assume "in." stands for "1st+2nd inclusive"? Number: Single: b / p Dual: d / t Paucal: k / g Plural: k / gIMO not many conlangs seem to use "paucal"; at least not both "dual" and "paucal". They may actually be less common among conlangs than among natlangs! I think it's good you've used them. Voice: Active: Unvoiced Passive: VoicedHow's that going to work? Good one, though, if you can make it work. Markers are constructed in the order mood - aspect - veracity - tense - number - person, so a verb which was indicative perfective observed present 1st person singular active would bear the marker <snémgip>.And "voice" is suprasegmental, a suprafix. So you don't have to put it in this "order". Noun: Gender / Number: Animate Singular: r Dual: rr Paucal: l Plural: j Inanimate S: v D: dh PA: z PL: gh Nature S: f D: th PA: s PL: kh Concept S: b D: d PA: g PL: g Object S: p D: t PA: k PL: kGender/number is fusional, then. Good. Case: Nominative: é Accusative: u Ergative: i Dative: e Genitive: o Possessive: ó Locative: a Instrumental: áDo you have "split-transitive", "austronesian" morphosyntactic alignment? You didn't say so, but that's what I'd guess from you're having all three of "nominative", "accusative", and "ergative"; unless you have tripartite MSA. Do your monotransitive clauses have Agent=Ergative and Patient=Accusative? Or do they instead have a choice between (Agt=Nom, Pat=Acc) or (Agt=Erg, Pat=Nom)? And I assume your intransitive clauses (or, at least, the monovalent ones) have S=Nom. Evidentiality Indefinite: m Definite: n This: ng That: ch Yon: jh(1) Interesting to call this "evidentiality". "Definite/Indefinite" are usually thought of as "pragmatic states"; "this/that/yon" as "demonstratives". Though perhaps "ng" and "ch" imply that the referent of the NP is visible? (2) Is it the three-distance distinction between proximal "ng", medial "ch", and distal "jh"? Or the three-center distinction between near-the-speaker "ng", near-the-addressee "ch", and far-from-both "jh"? Either way, kinda cool. (3) Definite "n"? When is that used? It would seem that the ng/ch/jh would usually get used instead. Or are there examples where an NP is quite Definite, but can't reasonably have a demonstrative applied to it? Noun markers are constructed in the order gender/number - case - evidentiality, so an animate dual dative definite noun would be rrę. Adjectives will always follow their respective nouns, and adverbs their respective verbs. Pronouns: Pronouns need only add the case marker, so they do not receive articles but are single consonants which take the case marker after them, or double consonants which take the case marker between them. However, there are two consonants for each pronoun - the first used when the pronoun stands alone, the second when it is acting as a concord, tacked onto the front of a verb marker. The concords are necessary only in ellipsis of the actual noun.So is the cross-reference style of participant agreement (cliticising a reduced form of the pronoun to the verb). If a participant can be incorporated into a verb, it is common not to cliticise the pronoun to the verb when the noun is incorporated; but the usual thing in agreement is that the verb agrees with the participant even when the participant is explicitly part of the clause, (as long as it's not part of the verb). Do you know if this is less a rule when the agreement is by cross-reference? That is, are natlangs which mark agreement by incorporating a pronoun, more likely to not mark agreement when the NP is explicit elsewhere in the clause, than natlangs which mark agreement in other ways? Pronouns have retained the archaic trial number.Quite realistic/naturalistic, IMO. Pronouns are usually at least as detailed in their accidents as nouns. 1s: -/m 1d: r/ng 1t: h/n 1pa: l/m-ng 1pl: j/n-ng 2s: f/v 2d: th/dh 2t: s/z 2pa: f-x/v-g 2pl: x/g 3s: p/b 3d: t/d 3t: ky/gy 3pa: p-t/b-d 3pl: k/g indeterminate: w-ts/w-dzDo your 3rd person pronouns inflect for gender? I believe they should for two reasons; (1) it often happens in natlangs and (2) you have an interesting gender system and I'd like to see more of it. Commonly languages have all the genders in 3rd-person singular pronouns all sounding different; and begin to "collapse" or "conflate" them in higher (non-singular) grammatical numbers 3rd-person pronouns. That's all I have thus far...I'll try to make some expansions soon. Let me know what you think.Very interesting work so far. I want to see what you do next with it. I also want to find out how some of your clusters are pronounced, for instance those in your Tense prefixes.

I remember reading about similar differentiations, but forgot what they were called. In. is indeterminate, it's in the pronoun section. The paucal evolved out of the trial, and was later supplied into the pronouns to make them show the same numbers as the nouns. The voicing difference is shown among the markers that have both voiced and unvoiced listed - it's the determiner that picks which is used. Your line of questioning on case is a little beyond me... The distance distinction is "near speaker" "near receiver" and "far", though "far" may be used to refer to something in a place previously mentioned. Definite is necessary to refer to a particular object that is not present. As in "the store I went to last week", as opposed to "a store I went to last week". Pronoun questions: Eek!?! I don't have a 3rd person inflection for gender...perhaps I should add one. Those aren't clusters, they're diphthongs...check the phonology. Thanks much!

Cool stuff..:) Some definate Niger-Congo/Papuan influences in the phonology.. good work. here is some tidbits to help ya with SC's and allophones for those really neat labial-velars The SC's historically for /kp)/ is kuV > kwV > kp)V. as kp often merges with gb (like I did in Proto-Drem) Allophones of kp) are usually , , , and Nasal assimilation for kp) are usually /Nkp)/, and /kp)m/ note* /kp)N/ and /mkp)/ are no-nos.. the linguists who study these sounds are still debating why, but I take thier word for it.

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